{"id":22881,"date":"2025-09-02T09:27:24","date_gmt":"2025-09-02T09:27:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/labib.ma\/?p=22881"},"modified":"2025-09-02T09:27:27","modified_gmt":"2025-09-02T09:27:27","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d9%87%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%85%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/labib.ma\/?p=22881","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized is-style-rounded\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"455\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/labib.ma\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0633\u064a-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-22144\" style=\"width:139px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0633\u064a..<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/strong> \u2013 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u2013 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f 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<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639<\/strong>: \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u201d\u060c \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0636 \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u064f\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0645 \u0643\u0640\u00ab\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 <strong>\u00ab<\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u00bb<\/strong> (economic illusion) \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u201c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629\u201d: \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639 = \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 = \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u201d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629\u2014\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u2014\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a: \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0633\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 &#8220;\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u062a\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a <strong>\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0643\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 ((Boykoff, 2016\u061b Preuss, 2004.) <a href=\"#_ftn1\" id=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633&#8221; \u064a\u064f\u0636\u062e\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u064a\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633: \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621&#8221; (White Elephants).<strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0641\u062e\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><br>\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c &#8220;\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a&#8221; \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0625\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0633\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 (<a href=\"#_ftn2\" id=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>(Coates &amp; Humphreys, 2008\u061b<a href=\"#_ftn3\" id=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>. Baade &amp; Matheson, 2016) \u0632\u064a\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a<a href=\"#_ftn4\" id=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> (Zimbalist, 2015) \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0629&#8221; \u062a\u062a\u063a\u0630\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 ((Flyvbjerg 2009\u061b 2023) \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a<a href=\"#_ftn5\" id=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644<\/strong><br>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u2013\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644 ( Transparency International) \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f (<a href=\"#_ftn6\" id=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>(Transparency International, 2016\u061b (Crompton, 1995).<a href=\"#_ftn7\" id=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0639<\/strong><strong>&#8220;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 &#8220;\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0639&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u063a\u0641\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d 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\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u062b 2030\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 (Boykoff, 2016).<a href=\"#_ftn8\" id=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629&#8221; \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0635\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0634\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a <strong>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631. \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/p>\n\n\n\n[1].<strong> Boykoff, Jules (2016).<\/strong> <em>Power Games: A Political History of the Olympics<\/em>. London : Verso Book<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. <strong>&nbsp;Coates, Dennis &amp; Humphreys, Brad R. (2008).<\/strong> <em>Do Economists Reach a Conclusion on Subsidies for Sports Franchises, Stadiums, and Mega-Events?<\/em> <strong>Econ Journal Watch<\/strong>, 5(3), 294\u2013315.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. <strong>Baade, Robert A., &amp; Matheson, Victor A. (2016).<\/strong> <em>Going for the Gold: The Economics of the Olympics.<\/em> <strong>Journal of Economic Perspectives<\/strong>, 30(2), 201\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/jep.30.2.201<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. &nbsp;<strong>Zimbalist, Andrew (2015).<\/strong> <em>Circus Maximus: The Economic Gamble Behind Hosting the Olympics and the World Cup.<\/em> Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. <strong>Flyvbjerg, Bent (2009).<\/strong> <em>Survival of the Unfittest: Why the Worst Infrastructure Gets Built\u2014and What We Can Do About It.<\/em> Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 25(3), 344\u2013367.&nbsp; See a second reference for the author: Flyvbjerg<strong>, Bent, &amp; Gardner, Dan (2023).<\/strong> <em>How Big Things Get Done: The Surprising Factors That Determine the Fate of Every Project, from Home Renovations to Space Exploration and Everything in Between.<\/em> Currency: Penguin Random House.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. <strong>&nbsp;Transparency International. (2016).<\/strong> <em>Global Corruption Report: Sport<\/em>. Routledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7. <strong>&nbsp;Crompton, J<\/strong><strong>ohn<\/strong><strong>. L. (1995).<\/strong> &#8220;Economic Impact Analysis of Sports Facilities and Events: Eleven Sources of Misapplication.&#8221; <em>Journal of Sport Management<\/em>, 9(1), 14\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsm.9.1.14<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8. <strong>&nbsp;Boykoff, John. (2016). <\/strong><em>Power Games: A Political History of the Olympics<\/em><strong>. <\/strong>London : Verso Books<strong>.<\/strong><strong>Op. Cit<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" id=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>.<strong> Boykoff, Jules (2016).<\/strong> <em>Power Games: A Political History of the Olympics<\/em>. London : Verso Book<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" id=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a>.<strong> Coates, Dennis &amp; Humphreys, Brad R. (2008).<\/strong> <em>Do Economists Reach a Conclusion on Subsidies for Sports Franchises, Stadiums, and Mega-Events?<\/em> <strong>Econ Journal Watch<\/strong>, 5(3), 294\u2013315.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" id=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a>. <strong>Baade, Robert A., &amp; Matheson, Victor A. (2016).<\/strong> <em>Going for the Gold: The Economics of the Olympics.<\/em> <strong>Journal of Economic Perspectives<\/strong>, 30(2), 201\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/jep.30.2.201<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" id=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a>. <strong>Zimbalist, Andrew (2015).<\/strong> <em>Circus Maximus: The Economic Gamble Behind Hosting the Olympics and the World Cup.<\/em> Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" id=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a>. <strong>Flyvbjerg, Bent (2009).<\/strong> <em>Survival of the Unfittest: Why the Worst Infrastructure Gets Built\u2014and What We Can Do About It.<\/em> Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 25(3), 344\u2013367.&nbsp; See a second reference for the author: Flyvbjerg<strong>, Bent, &amp; Gardner, Dan (2023).<\/strong> <em>How Big Things Get Done: The Surprising Factors That Determine the Fate of Every Project, from Home Renovations to Space Exploration and Everything in Between.<\/em> Currency: Penguin Random House.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" id=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a>.<strong> Transparency International. (2016).<\/strong> <em>Global Corruption Report: Sport<\/em>. Routledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" id=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a>.<strong> Crompton, J<\/strong><strong>ohn<\/strong><strong>. L. (1995).<\/strong> &#8220;Economic Impact Analysis of Sports Facilities and Events: Eleven Sources of Misapplication.&#8221; <em>Journal of Sport Management<\/em>, 9(1), 14\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsm.9.1.14<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" id=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a>.<strong> Boykoff, John. (2016). <\/strong><em>Power Games: A Political History of the Olympics<\/em><strong>. <\/strong>London : Verso Books<strong>.<\/strong><strong>Op. Cit<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">&nbsp;<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0633\u064a.. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u2013 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u2013 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0634\u062d\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u060c \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629\u064d \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u0646 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":22883,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1213],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-22881","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-1213"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/labib.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22881","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/labib.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/labib.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/labib.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/labib.ma\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=22881"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/labib.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22881\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22884,"href":"https:\/\/labib.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22881\/revisions\/22884"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/labib.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/22883"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/labib.ma\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=22881"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/labib.ma\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=22881"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/labib.ma\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=22881"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}